About World AIDS Day

What is World AIDS Day?

World AIDS Day is held on 1 December each year and is an opportunity for people worldwide to unite in the fight against HIV, show their support for people living with HIV and to commemorate people who have died. World AIDS Day was the first ever global health day and the first one was held in 1988.

Why is World AIDS Day important?

Around 100,000 are currently living with HIV in the UK and globally an estimated 34 million people have HIV. More than 25 million people between 1981 and 2007 have died from the virus, making it one of the most destructive pandemics in history.

Today, many scientific advances have been made in HIV treatment, there are laws to protect people living with HIV and we understand so much more about the condition. But despite this, people do not know the facts about how to protect themselves and others from HIV, and stigma and discrimination remain a reality for many people living with HIV. World AIDS Day is important as it reminds the public and Government that HIV has not gone away – there is still a vital need to raise money, increase awareness, fight prejudice and improve education.

What should I do on World AIDS Day?

World AIDS Day is an opportunity for you to learn the facts about HIV and put your knowledge into action. Find out how much you know by taking our online quiz: Are you HIV aware? Test your knowledge and awareness by taking the quiz and act aware by passing the quiz on and sharing it with your friends on Twitter and Facebook.

If you understand how HIV is transmitted, how it can be prevented, and the reality of living with HIV today - you can use this knowledge to take care of your own health and the health of others, and ensure you treat everyone living with HIV fairly, and with respect and understanding. Click here to find out the facts.

You can also show your support for people living with HIV on World AIDS Day by wearing a red ribbon, the international symbol of HIV awareness and support.

World AIDS Day is also a great opportunity to raise money for NAT (National AIDS Trust) and show your support for people living with HIV. If you feel inspired to hold an event, bake sale or simply sell red ribbons,click here to get started. If you'd like to see what other events are taking place — click here and find out more.

But what about after World AIDS Day?

Although World AIDS Day is a great opportunity to get the public talking about HIV and fundraise, we need to remember the importance of raising awareness of HIV all year round. That's why NAT has launched HIVaware— a fun, interactive website which provides all the information everyone should know about HIV. Why not use what you have learnt on World AIDS Day to Act Aware throughout the year and remember, you can fundraise at any time of year too — NAT is always here to give you suggestions and ideas.

About World AIDS Day

The Constitution

The Constitutionof the Republic of Abkhazia was adopted by the Supreme Council of the Republic of Abkhazia of the 12th convocation on 26 November 1994, and by the national referendum on October 3, 1999, with an amendment adopted by the national referendum on the same day. On the 15th anniversary of its adoption, a special meeting was held between the current convocation of the People's Assembly and many of the members who were present in 1994. Sergei Shamba reported that he had written down the exact time of adoption as 17:14

Mind The Gap

The timer is ticking furiously. Viswanathan Anand, 43, stares at the pieces on the chessboard while taking a sip of green tea, which is served on his left side at the beginning of every game. Sitting in a sound-proof cabin with a one-way glass panel that looks like an interrogation room from a Hollywood film, Anand is oblivious to the simmering tension in Chennai's Hyatt Regency Ballroom. A collective groan spreads across the viewing gallery, ending the silent anticipation of the crowd as Magnus Carlsen walks to his chair. Anand is within 14 seconds of a much-needed victory-by-forfeit in Game 7 of the World Championship. But Carlsen, his 22-year-old challenger who is already two games ahead, still has a few tricks up his sleeve.

Going into the most anticipated world title clash in years, it had been three years since Anand had defeated the Norwegian World Number 1. The Tamil Nadu government pumped in Rs.29 crore to bag the hosting rights, seizing the 12-game match from Russia to give Anand home advantage. Chess fever has gripped Chennai, which is now adorned in jet black and pearl white. Images of the two Grandmasters (GM) compete for space with that of Chief Minister J. Jayalalithaa on street hoardings. Pastries and cookies at restaurants resemble chess pieces. Visitors to Marina Beach are entertained over a game of caturankam (chess, in Tamil) where volunteers dress up as rooks and knights to jump squares. In the Hyatt lobby, enthusiasts occupy every couch or sit on the floor, spreading a board and then replaying Anand-Carlsen moves. Around the corner, children are busy solving chess algorithms for a digitally signed Anand coffee mug or T-shirt. There is a message board filled with "Good luck, Anand" in red and blue ink. On social media, #Anandcarlsen overtook #thankyouSachin during the first week of the match-remarkable in a cricket-mad country.

Despite the air of optimism, five-time world champion Anand is being hunted down in his own den. He lost Games 5 and 6-one of them with white pieces-to have the momentum snatched away from him. The 1990s prodigy, now 43, has met his match in a prodigy from the smartphone generation. After over a decade of dominance, the era of Anand, by all accounts, seems to be drawing to a close.

Regardless of the result, experts are foreseeing a transitional shift- away from Anand's style of rapid openings-towards Carlsen's style of forcing results with pawns by focussing on the middle- and end-game. Having learnt much of his chess from Internet chess clubs and Bent Larsen's Good Move Guide-a book that offers multiple options for every move -Carlsen is an expert in positional play who remembers 10,000-plus games and opponents at any time.

BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa) summit.

The fifth summit of the BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa)  "political and economic coordination." They released their fifth summit declaraction, "BRICS and Africa: Partnership for Development, Integration and Industrialisation," which includes plans for a BRICS development bank.

Excerpt from eThekwini Declaration:

"1. We, the leaders of the Federative Republic of Brazil, the Russian Federation, the Republic of India, the People's Republic of China and the Republic of South Africa, met in Durban, South Africa, at the Fifth BRICS Summit. Our discussions took place under the overarching theme, "BRICS and Africa: Partnership for Development, Integration and Industrialisation". The Fifth BRICS Summit concluded the first cycle of BRICS Summits and we reaffirmed our commitment to the promotion of international law, multilateralism and the central role of the United Nations (UN). Our discussions reflected our growing intra-BRICS solidarity as well as our shared goal to contribute positively to global peace, stability, development and cooperation. We also considered our role in the international system as based on an inclusive approach of shared solidarity and cooperation towards all nations and peoples.

2. We met at a time which requires that we consider issues of mutual interest and systemic importance in order to share concerns and to develop lasting solutions. We aim at progressively developing BRICS into a full-fledged mechanism of current and long-term coordination on a wide range of key issues of the world economy and politics. The prevailing global governance architecture is regulated by institutions which were conceived in circumstances when the international landscape in all its aspects was characterised by very different challenges and opportunities. As the global economy is being reshaped, we are committed to exploring new models and approaches towards more equitable development and inclusive global growth by emphasising complementarities and building on our respective economic strengths.

3. We are open to increasing our engagement and cooperation with non-BRICS countries, in particular Emerging Market and Developing Countries (EMDCs), and relevant international and regional organisations, as envisioned in the Sanya Declaration. We will hold a Retreat together with African leaders after this Summit, under the theme, "Unlocking Africa's potential: BRICS and Africa Cooperation on Infrastructure". The Retreat is an opportunity for BRICS and African leaders to discuss how to strengthen cooperation between the BRICS countries and the African Continent.

4. Recognising the importance of regional integration for Africa's sustainable growth, development and poverty eradication, we reaffirm our support for the Continent's integration processes.

5. Within the framework of the New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD), we support African countries in their industrialisation process through stimulating foreign direct investment, knowledge exchange, capacity-building and diversification of imports from Africa. We acknowledge that infrastructure development in Africa is important and recognise the strides made by the African Union to identify and address the continent's infrastructure challenges through the development of the Programme for Infrastructure Development in Africa (PIDA), the AU NEPAD Africa Action Plan (2010-2015), the NEPAD Presidential Infrastructure Championing Initiative (PICI), as well as the Regional Infrastructure Development Master Plans that have identified priority infrastructure development projects that are critical to promoting regional integration and industrialisation. We will seek to stimulate infrastructure investment on the basis of mutual benefit to support industrial development, job-creation, skills development, food and nutrition security and poverty eradication and sustainable development in Africa. We therefore, reaffirm our support for sustainable infrastructure development in Africa."

https://twitter.com/jiteshtrapasiya

Bharat Ratna

statutes of January 1954 did not make allowance for posthumous awards (and this perhaps explains why the decoration was never awarded to Mahatma Gandhi), though this provision was added in the January 1966 statute.^{[citation needed]} Subsequently, there have been twelve posthumous awards, including the award to Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose in 1992, which was later withdrawn due to a legal technicality, the only case of an award being withdrawn. The award was briefly suspended from 13 July 1977 to 26 January 1980. There is no formal provision that recipients of the Bharat Ratna should be Indian citizens. Bharat Ratna has been one award to a naturalised Indian citizen, Mother Teresa (1980), and to two non- The order was established by Rajendra Prasad, President of India, on 2 January 1955.^[4] The original Indians, Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan (1987) and Nelson Mandela (1990). The awarding of this honour has frequently been the subject of litigation questioning the constitutional basis of such. Originally, the specifications for the award called for a circular gold medal carrying the state emblem and motto, among other things. It is uncertain if a design in accordance with the original specifications was ever made. The actual award is designed in the shape of a peepal leaf and carries with the words "Bharat Ratna", inscribed in Devanagari script. The reverse side of the medal carries the state emblem and motto. The award is attached to a 2-inch-wide (51 mm) ribbon, and was designed to be worn around the recipient's neck. In 2011, the Government of India modified the eligibility criteria to allow sportspersons to receive the award and opened the award for performance of highest order in any field of human endeavour from the earlier criteria for the highest degrees of national service. This service includes artistic, literary, and scientific achievements, as well as "recognition of public service of the highest order."^[5][6] Sachin Tendulkar is the youngest person alive at the time of receiving the award (at the age of 40). Dhondo Keshav Karve is the eldest person alive at the time of receiving the award (age 100) and Vallabhbhai Patel is the eldest overall (posthumously at the age of 75).

List of recipients

	Name	Image	Birth / Death	Awarded	Notes
1.	Chakravarti Rajgopalachari		1878–1972	1954	Independence activist, last Governor-General
2.	C. V. Raman		1888–1970	1954	Physicist
3.	Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan		1888–1975	1954	Philosopher, India's First Vice President (1952-1962), and India's Second President(1962-1967)
4.	Bhagwan Das		1869–1958	1955	Independence activist, author, Founder of Kashi Vidya Peeth
5.	Mokshagundam Visvesvarayya		1861–1962	1955	Civil engineer, Diwan of Mysore
6.	Jawaharlal Nehru		1889–1964	1955	Independence activist, author, first Prime Minister
7.	Govind Ballabh Pant		1887–1961	1957	Independence activist, Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh, Home Minister
8.	Dhondo Keshav Karve		1858–1962	1958	Educator, social reformer
9.	Bidhan Chandra Roy		1882–1962	1961	Physician, Chief Minister of West Bengal
10.	Purushottam Das Tandon		1882–1962	1961	Independence activist, educator
11.	Rajendra Prasad		1884–1963	1962	Independence activist, jurist, first President
12.	Zakir Hussain		1897–1969	1963	Independence activist, Scholar, third President
13.	Pandurang Vaman Kane		1880–1972	1963	Indologist and Sanskrit scholar
14.	Lal Bahadur Shastri		1904–1966	1966	Posthumous, independence activist, second Prime Minister
15.	Indira Gandhi		1917–1984	1971	Third Prime Minister
16.	V. V. Giri		1894–1980	1975	Trade unionist and fourth President
17.	K. Kamaraj		1903–1975	1976	Posthumous, independence activist, Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu State
18.	Mother Teresa		1910–1997	1980	Catholic nun, founder of the Missionaries of Charity
19.	Vinoba Bhave		1895–1982	1983	Posthumous, social reformer, independence activist
20.	Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan		1890–1988	1987	First non-citizen, independence activist
21.	M. G. Ramachandran		1917–1987	1988	Posthumous, film actor, Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu
22.	B. R. Ambedkar		1891–1956	1990	Posthumous, Chief architect of the Indian Constitution,Crusader against Untouchablity, Dalit Icon, Social Reformer, Historian, politician, economist, and scholar
23.	Nelson Mandela		b. 1918	1990	Second non-citizen and non-Indian recipient, Leader of the Anti-Apartheid movement
24.	Rajiv Gandhi		1944–1991	1991	Posthumous, Sixth Prime Minister
25.	Vallabhbhai Patel		1875–1950	1991	Posthumous, independence activist, first Home Minister
26.	Morarji Desai		1896–1995	1991	Independence activist, fourth Prime Minister
27.	Abul Kalam Azad		1888–1958	1992	Posthumous, independence activist, first Minister of Education
28.	J. R. D. Tata		1904–1993	1992	Industrialist and philanthropist
29.	Satyajit Ray		1922–1992	1992	Filmmaker
30.	A. P. J. Abdul Kalam		b. 1931	1997	Aeronautical Engineer,11th President of India
31.	Gulzarilal Nanda		1898–1998	1997	Independence activist, interim Prime Minister
32.	Aruna Asaf Ali		1908–1996	1997	Posthumous, independence activist
33.	M. S. Subbulakshmi		1916–2004	1998	Carnatic classical singer
34.	Chidambaram Subramaniam		1910–2000	1998	Independence activist, Minister of Agriculture
35.	Jayaprakash Narayan		1902–1979	1999	Posthumous, independence activist and politician
36.	Ravi Shankar		1920–2012	1999	Sitar player
37.	Amartya Sen		b. 1933	1999	Economist
38.	Gopinath Bordoloi		1890–1950	1999	Posthumous, independence activist, Chief Minister of Assam
39.	Lata Mangeshkar		b. 1929	2001	Playback singer
40.	Bismillah Khan		1916–2006	2001	Hindustani classical shehnai player
41.	Bhimsen Joshi		1922–2011	2008	Hindustani classical singer
42.	C. N. R. Rao[7][8]		b. 1934	2014 (announced)	Scientist
43.	Sachin Tendulkar[7][8]		b. 1973	2014 (announced)	Cricketer